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West African blood diamonds recognise no borders

Paix sans frontières: building peace across borders
Jan 2011
In West Africa, diamonds were valuable assets in the regional conflict system, funding Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels in Sierra Leone, and sustaining Charles Taylor’s grip on power in neighbouring Liberia. Alex Vines describes how regulating the ‘blood diamond’ trade through the Kimberley certification scheme has helped to de-link it from a regional war economy. The system is far from perfect, but the industry is in better shape than in the late 1990s.

Paix sans frontières: building peace across borders

Jan 2011
War does not respect political or territorial boundaries. This twenty-second Accord publication looks at how peacebuilding strategies and capacity can ‘think outside the state’: beyond it, through regional engagement, and below it, through cross-border community or trade networks. Edited by Alexander Ramsbotham and I William Zartman, Paix sans frontières: building peace across borders includes 20 case studies from Asia, Europe and the Caucasus, to East, Central and West Africa, Central America and the Middle East. Articles also explore cross-border peacebuilding from global, systems analysis and legal perspectives, and focus on themes ranging from politics, governance and security, social and community relations, and trade and natural resources.

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking

Feb 2008
Faced with the problem of how to respond to the challenges of intra-state armed conflict, international policymakers often turn to incentives, sanctions and conditionality in the hope that these tools can alter the conflict dynamics and influence the protagonists' behaviour. Drawing on case studies from around the world, Accord issue 19 suggests that while these instruments have in some cases helped tip the balance towards settlement, in many others they been ineffective, incoherent or subsumed into the dynamics of the conflict.

Influencing resolution: External roles in changing the strategic calculus of conflict

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
Catherine Barnes and Aaron Griffiths discuss how external actors can support a constructive process leading to a mutually acceptable peace agreement – potentially by going beyond hard bargaining strategies to much broader problem-solving approaches.

Orchestrating international action

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
Teresa Whitfield explores the ways in which coordination between external actors can result in a coherent application of policy instruments, reviewing various informal structures and coordination mechanisms and the circumstances in which they can succeed.

Harnessing incentives for peace: An interview with Alvaro de Soto

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
In this interview, experienced UN peacemaker Alvaro de Soto reflects on the roles incentives and pressure in peace processes in El Salvador, Cyprus and the Middle East.

Harnessing incentives for peace: An interview with Alvaro de Soto

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
In this interview, experienced UN peacemaker Alvaro de Soto reflects on the roles incentives and pressure in peace processes in El Salvador, Cyprus and the Middle East. At the end is a short description of the UN-mediated settlement of the conflict in El Salvador, noting in particular the role played by the USA’s Dodd-Leahy bill.

EU incentives for promoting peace

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
Accord Incentives: EU incentives
Nathalie Tocci discusses three mechanisms through which EU contractual relations can incentivise conflict resolution – conditionality, learning and 'passive enforcement' – and identifies three main determinants of effectiveness. At the end of the article is the story of Cyprus’s accession to the EU and demise of the ‘Annan plan’ which proposed the creation of a united Cyprus Republic.

Internal and external pressure to negotiate in South Africa: An interview with Roelf Meyer

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
Accord Incentives: Internal and external pressure to negotiate
Former National Party chief negotiator Roelf Meyer discusses how the build-up of a combination of external and internal pressure brought the conditions for change in South Africa, but how the evolving relationship between the parties became more important once negotiations began in 1990.

External versus internal incentives in peace processes: The Bougainville experience

Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking
Feb 2008
Accord Incentives: External versus internal incentives
Anthony Regan discusses two aspects of international support to the Bougainville peace process: the use of development funds, and finding creative ways of sequencing and linking stages of implementation of difficult aspects of the peace agreement to provide incentives to each side to implement what they had agreed.

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