Public participation and international peacemaking Marrack Goulding (2002) When Marrack Goulding was first appointed UN Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping he saw no role for civil society in peacemaking. Now recognizing their increasing importance and conflict resolution, he examines why many inter-governmental bodies share his original view of peacemaking as a quintessentially governmental activity. He analyses public participation in the four progressive phases of peacemaking: overture, negotiation, implementation and peacebuilding. He concludes that while there is significant tension in the first two stages between the need for confidentiality and discretion and the need for transparency and information, public participation becomes critical in the second two phases in which a sense of public ownership and support for the process is crucial for implementation.
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