The Rome Process:
General Peace Agreement for Mozambique (continued)
On 4 October 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and composed of Mariano de Araujo Matsinha, Minister without Portfolio, Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, Teodato Hunguana, Minister of Labour, Lieutenant-General Tobias Dai, Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic adviser to the President of the Republic, Brigadier Aleixo Malunga, Colonel Fideles De Sousa, Major Justino Nrepo, Major Eduardo Lauchande, and the delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the organization Department, and composed of José De Castro, Chief of the External Relations Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Chief of the Information Department, José Augusto Xavier, Director-General of the Internal Administration Department, Major-General Herminio Morais, Colonel Fernando Canivete, Lieutenant-Colonel Arone Julai, Lieutenant António Domingos, meeting at Rome in the presence of the mediators, Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Italian Government and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, and the observers of the United Nations and the Governments of the United States of America, France, the United Kingdom and Portugal, took up item 3 of the Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991, entitled "Military questions", and agreed as follows:
A. Formation of the Mozambican Defence Force
i. General principles
1. The Mozambican Defence Force (FADM) shall be formed for service throughout the national territory.
2. The FADM:
(a) Has as its general purpose the defence and safeguarding of the country's sovereignty, independence and territory. During the period between the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office, the FADM may, under the FADM High Command, act in cooperation with the Police Command to protect civilian inhabitants against crime and violence of all kinds. Additional functions of the FADM shall be to provide assistance in crisis or emergency situations arising in the country as a result of natural disasters and to provide support for reconstruction and development efforts;
(b) Shall be non-partisan, career, professionally trained, and competent: it shall be made up exclusively of Mozambican citizens who are volunteers and are drawn from the forces of both Parties. It shall serve the country with professionalism and respect the democratic order and the rule of law. The composition of the FADM should preclude all forms of racial or ethnic discrimination or discrimination based on language or religious affiliation;
3. The process of forming the FADM shall begin after the entry into force of the ceasefire immediately following the inauguration of the Commission provided for in Protocol I of 18 October 1991, to be called the Supervisory and Monitoring Commission (CSC). This process shall be completed prior to the commencement of the election campaign;
4. The process of forming the FADM shall be conducted simultaneously with the concentration, disarmament and integration into civilian life of the personnel demobilised in stages as a result of the ceasefire. The Government and Renamo shall be responsible for contributing units drawn from the existing forces of each side; this process shall proceed until the new units of the FADM have been formed, with all existing units being demobilised when the FADM has reached full strength;
5. The neutrality of the FADM during the period between the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office shall be guaranteed by the Parties through the Commission referred to in section I.iii.l.a of this Protocol;
6. By the time of the elections, only the FADM shall exist and shall have the structure agreed upon between the Parties; no other forces may remain in existence. All elements of the existing armed forces of the two Parties which are not incorporated into the FADM shall be demobilised during the period envisaged in section VI.i.3 of this Protocol.
ii. Personnel
1. The Parties agree that the troop strength of the FADM up until the time when the new Government takes office shall be as follows:
(a) Army: 24,000
(b) Air Force: 4,000
(c) Navy: 2,000
2. The personnel of the FADM in each of the service branches shall be provided by the FAM and the forces of Renamo, each side contributing 50 per cent.
iii. FADM command structures
1. The parties agree to establish a Joint Commission for the Formation of the Mozambican Defence Force (CCFADM) on the following basis:
(a) CCFADM shall have specific responsibility for overseeing the process of forming the FADM and shall operate under the authority of CSC;
(b) CCFADM is the body responsible for the formation of the FADM until the time when the new Government takes office. FADM shall be headed by a High Command (CS), which shall be subordinate to CCFADM. After the new Government takes office, the FADM shall be placed under the authority of the new Ministry of Defence or any other body which the new Government may establish;
(c) CCFADM shall be composed of representatives of the FAM and the Renamo forces as members, who shall be assisted by representatives of the countries selected by the Parties to advise in the process of forming the FADM. CCFADM shall be inaugurated on the date of the entry into force of the ceasefire (E-Day);
(d) CCFADM shall draw up directives on the phasing of the establishment of the FADM structures and shall propose to CSC:
- The rules governing the FADM;
- The budget to be provided for the FADM until the new Government takes office;
- The criteria for selection and the selection of FAM personnel and Renamo forces for the formation of the FADM;
- The names of the commanding officers of the main commands.
2. FADM High Command
(a) The general mission of CS shall be to act on the directives issued by CCFADM, taking into account the establishment of the FADM structures and support for the FADM;
(b) Until the new Government takes office, the command of FADM shall be exercised by two general officers of equal rank, appointed by each of the Parties. Decisions of the command shall be valid only when signed by these two general officers;
(c) The FADM command structure shall be strictly non-political and shall receive directives and orders only through the appropriate chain of command;
(d) The FADM shall have a single logistics service for all three branches. To that end, a Logistics and Infrastructure Command shall be established under the authority of the FADM High Command;
(e) Appointments to the FADM High Command and the commands of the three branches of the FADM and the Logistics Command shall be proposed by CCFADM and approved by CSC;
(f) Until the new Government takes office, the FADM High Command shall be assisted by the General Staff, with departments headed by general officers or senior officers proposed by CCFADM and approved by CSC.
3. Command of the Army, Air Force and Navy and the Logistics Command:
The FADM High Command shall have authority over the Commands of the three service branches (Army, Air Force and Navy) and the Logistics Command, which shall be organized as follows:
(a) Army Command
1. The structure of the Army Command shall encompass the military regions under the direct authority of the Army Commander, whose functions are to be determined but which may include the organization and preparation of forces, training, justice, discipline and logistic support to assigned forces.
2. Each military region shall have a commanding officer holding the rank of general, who shall be assisted by a deputy commander.
3. The headquarters of the military regions shall be proposed by the Commander of the Army and approved by CS.
(b) Air Force Command
The Air Force shall be formed having regard to the training and skills of the personnel of the existing Air Force and the existing Renamo forces, in accordance with the provisions of the directives issued by CCFADM;
(c) Navy Command
The Navy shall be formed having regard to the training and skills of the personnel of the existing Navy and the Renamo forces, in accordance with the provisions of the directives issued by CCFADM;
(d) Logistics and Infrastructure Command
1. A Logistics and Infrastructure Command shall be set up under the direct authority of the FADM High Command.
2. The Logistics and Infrastructure Command shall have the overall mission of planning and providing administrative and logistic support for the FADM (Army, Air Force and Navy) and ensuring delivery of such support through the FADM General Services. It shall, in particular, be responsible for production and procurement logistics.
3. The Logistics and Infrastructure Command shall be headed by a general, assisted by a deputy commander and a general staff which shall, initially, include the following sections:
- Infrastructure;
- General services;
- Equipment;
- Finance.
4. The Logistics and Infrastructure Command shall have authority over such support units as may be assigned to it.
iv. Timetable for the process
(a) The formation of the FADM shall commence with the appointment of the following:
- CCFADM, prior to the entry into force of the ceasefire (E-Day);
- The FADM High Command on E-Day + 1;
- The commanders of the three service branches and the logistics command;
- The commanders of the military regions;
- The unit commanders.
(b) General staffs shall be organized immediately following the appointment of each command;
(c) The system of administrative and logistics support shall be organized taking into account the new size of the FADM, in accordance with the principle of utilizing or transforming existing structures on the basis of the plans of the FADM High Command, as approved by CCFADM.
v. Technical assistance of foreign countries
The parties shall inform the mediators within 7 (seven) days after the signing of the ceasefire Protocol the countries which are to be invited to provide assistance in the process of forming the FADM.
II. Withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory
1. The withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory shall be initiated following the entry into force of the ceasefire (E-Day).
The Government of the Republic of Mozambique undertakes to negotiate the complete withdrawal of foreign forces and contingents from Mozambican territory with the Governments of the countries concerned.
The modalities and time-frame for the withdrawal shall not contravene any provision of the ceasefire Agreement or the General Peace Agreement.
2. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall submit to CSC the deadlines and plans for implementation of the withdrawal, specifying the exact numbers of troops present in Mozambican territory and their location.
3. The complete withdrawal of foreign forces and contingents from Mozambican territory shall be monitored and verified by the ceasefire Commission (CCF) referred to in paragraph VI.(i).2 of this Protocol. CCF shall inform CSC of the conclusion of the complete withdrawal of foreign forces from the national territory.
4. In accordance with its mandate CSC, through CCF, will, following the withdrawal of the foreign troops, assume immediate responsibility for verifying and ensuring security of strategic and trading routes, adopting the measures it deems necessary for the purpose.
III. Activities of private and irregular armed groups
1. Except as provided in paragraph 3 below, paramilitary, private and irregular armed groups active on the day of entry into force of the ceasefire shall be disbanded and prohibited from forming new groups of the same kind.
2. CCF shall monitor and verify the disbanding of the private and irregular armed groups and shall collect their weapons and ammunition. CSC shall decide the final disposition of the weapons and ammunition collected.
3. CSC may as a temporary measure organize the continued existence of security organizations for the purpose of ensuring the security of specified public or private infrastructures during the period between the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office.
4. These security organizations may be authorised to use weapons in the discharge of their duties. The activities of these organizations shall be monitored by CCF.
IV. Functioning of the National Service for People's Security
1. The parties agree that it is essential that the State information service should continue to function during the period between the entry into force of the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office, in order to ensure that the strategic information required by the State is made available and for the purpose of protecting the sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Mozambique.
2. For the purposes indicated above, the Parties agree that the State Information and Security Service (SISE) established by Act No. 20/91 of 23 August 1991 shall continue to perform its functions under the direct authority of the President of the Republic of Mozambique and subject to the following principles:
3. SISE shall:
(a) perform its duties and functions strictly in accordance with the spirit and the letter of internationally recognized democratic principles;
(b) respect the civil and political rights of citizens, as well as the internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms;
(c) be guided in the performance of its functions by the interests of the State and the common welfare, in a manner free from any partisan or ideological considerations or regard for social standing and from any other form of discrimination;
(d) act at all times and in all respects in conformity with the terms and spirit of the General Peace Agreement.
4. SISE shall be composed, at all levels of the service, of citizens selected on the basis of criteria that are in conformity with the principles specified above.
5. (a) The measures taken by SISE, as well as all actions of its agents, shall at all times be governed by the law in force in the Republic of Mozambique and by the principles agreed upon in the General Peace Agreement;
(b) The activities and prerogatives of SISE shall be confined to the production of information required by the President of the Republic, within the limits authorised by the juridical order and in strict respect for the principles of the State ruled by law and for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The information thus obtained may in no case be used to limit the exercise of the democratic rights of citizens or to favour any political party;
(c) In no case may police functions be assigned to SISE.
6. The Director-General and Deputy Director-General of SISE shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of Mozambique.
7. (a) For purposes of verifying that the actions of SISE do not violate the legal order or result in violation of the political rights of citizens, a National Information Commission (COMINFO) shall be established;
(b) COMINFO shall be composed of 21 members whose professional and personal qualities and past record afford guarantees of balance, effectiveness and independence vis-ˆ-vis all political parties;
(c) COMINFO shall be established by the President of the Republic of Mozambique within 15 days following the entry into force of the General Peace Agreement and shall be composed of six citizens nominated by Renamo, six nominated by the Government, and nine selected as a result of consultations to be held by the President of the Republic with the political forces in the country from among citizens meeting the requirements specified in subparagraph (b);
(d) COMINFO shall have full powers to investigate any matter relating to the activity of SISE that is held to be contrary to the legal order and to the principles specified in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 5. A request for investigation may be rejected only by a two-thirds majority of its membership;
(e) COMINFO shall provide CSC with the reports and clarifications called for by the latter Commission;
COMINFO shall inform the competent State authorities of any irregularities detected, in order that they may take the appropriate police or disciplinary measures.
V. Depoliticisation and restructuring of the police forces
1. During the period between the entry into force of the ceasefire and the assumption of power by the new Government, the Police of the Republic of Mozambique (PRM) shall continue to perform its functions under the responsibility of the Government.
2. The Police of the Republic of Mozambique shall:
(a) perform its duties and functions strictly in accordance with the spirit and the letter of internationally recognized democratic principles;
(b) respect the civil and political rights of citizens, as well as the internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms;
(c) be guided in the performance of its functions by the interests of the State and common welfare, in a manner free from any partisan or ideological considerations or regard for social standing and from any other form of discrimination;
(d) act at all times in conformity with the terms and spirit of the General Peace Agreement;
(e) act at all times with impartiality and independence vis-ˆ-vis all political parties.
3. The PRM shall be composed of citizens selected on the basis of criteria that are in conformity with the principles specified above.
4. The basic tasks of the PRM shall be:
(a) to ensure respect for and defence of the law;
(b) to maintain public order and tranquillity and to prevent and suppress crime;
(c) to guarantee the existence of a climate of social stability and harmony.
5. (a) The measures taken by the PRM, as well as all actions of its agents, shall at all times be governed by the law and the legislative provisions in force in the Republic of Mozambique and by the principles agreed upon in the General Peace Agreement;
(b) The activities and prerogatives of the PRM shall be exercised within the limits authorised by the juridical order, but with strict respect for the principles of the State ruled by law and for human rights and fundamental freedoms. These activities may not be directed towards limiting the exercise of the democratic rights of citizens or favouring any political party.
6. The Commander and Deputy Commander of the PRM shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of Mozambique.
7. (a) For purposes of verifying that the actions of the PRM do not violate the legal order or result in violation of the political rights of citizens, a National Police Affairs Commission (COMPOL) shall be established;
(b) COMPOL shall be composed of 21 members whose professional and personal qualities and past record afford guarantees of balance, effectiveness and independence vis-ˆ-vis all political parties;
(c) COMPOL shall be established by the President of the Republic of Mozambique within 15 days following the entry into force of the General Peace Agreement and shall be composed of six citizens nominated by Renamo, six nominated by the Government, and nine selected as a result of consultations to be held by the President of the Republic with the political forces in the country from among citizens meeting the requirements specified in subparagraph (b);
(d) COMPOL shall have full powers to investigate any matter relating to the activity of PRM that is held to be contrary to the legal order and to the principles specified in paragraphs 1, 2, 4 and 5. On being apprised of a matter, the Commission shall conduct a preliminary internal analysis in order to determine whether it falls within the sphere of police activities. The Commission shall decide to proceed with the investigations if more than half of its members so agree;
(e) COMPOL shall submit systematic reports on its activities to CSC;
(f) COMPOL shall inform the competent State authorities of any irregularities detected, in order that they may take the appropriate judicial or disciplinary measures.
VI. Economic and social reintegration of demobilised soldiers
(i) Demobilisation
1. Demobilisation of the FAM and the forces of Renamo means the process whereby, at the decision of the respective Parties, soldiers who on E-Day were members of those forces revert for all purposes to the status of civilians.
2. ceasefire Commission
(a) On E-Day, the ceasefire Commission (CCF) shall be established and begin its functions under the direct supervision of CSC;
(b) CCF shall be composed of representatives of the Government, Renamo, the invited countries and the United Nations. CCF shall be presided over by the United Nations;
(c) CCF shall be based in Maputo and shall be structured as follows:
- Regional offices (North, Centre and South);
- Offices at the assembly and billeting locations of the two Parties.
(d) CCF shall have, inter alia, the function of implementing the demobilisation process, with the following tasks:
- Planning and organization;
- Regulation of procedures;
- Direction and supervision;
- Registration of troops to be demobilised and issue of the respective identity cards;
- Collection, registration and custody of weapons, ammunition, explosives, equipment, uniforms and documentation; destroying or deciding on the other disposition of weapons, ammunition, explosives, equipment, uniforms and documentation as agreed by the Parties;
- Medical examinations;
- Issue of demobilisation certificates. (e) The United Nations shall assist in the implementation, verification and monitoring of the entire demobilisation process.
3. Timetable
E-Day: Installation of CCF and commencement of its functions
E-Day + 30: Definition by both Parties of the troops to be demobilised; activation of demobilisation structures and initiation of the process
E-Day + 60: Demobilisation of at least 20 per cent of the total troops to be demobilised
E-Day + 90: Demobilisation of at least a further 20 per cent of the total troops to be demobilised
E-Day + 120: Demobilisation of at least a further 20 per cent of the total troops to be demobilised
E-Day + 150: Demobilisation of at least a further 20 per cent of the total troops to be demobilised
E-Day + 180: End of demobilisation of the troops to be demobilised.
(ii) Reintegration
1. The term "demobilised soldier" means an individual who:
- up until E-Day was a member of the FAM or the Renamo forces;
- subsequent to E-Day was demobilised at the decision of the relevant command, and handed over the weapons, ammunition, equipment, uniform and documentation in his possession
- has been registered and has received the relevant identity card
- has received the demobilisation certificate.
For all purposes, demobilised soldiers of both Parties shall become civilians and shall be accorded equal treatment by the State.
2. Reintegration Commission
(a) A Reintegration Commission (CORE) shall be established. CORE shall operate under the direct authority of CSC and shall initiate its functions on E-Day;
(b) CORE shall be composed of representatives of the Government and Renamo, representatives of the invited countries, a representative of the United Nations, who shall preside, and representatives of other international organizations;
(c) CORE shall be based at Maputo and shall be structured as follows:
- Regional offices (North, Centre and South);
- Provincial offices in each provincial capital.
(d) The assignment of CORE shall be to effect the economic and social reintegration of demobilised soldiers, and it shall for this purpose conduct the following tasks:
- Planning and organization;
- Regulation of procedures;
- Direction and supervision:
- Monitoring.
3. Resources
The economic and social reintegration of demobilised soldiers (demobilisation allowances, technical and/or vocational training, transport, etc.) will depend on the resources made available within the framework of the Donors Conference as referred to in item 6 of the Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991.
In witness whereof, the Parties have decided to sign the present Protocol.
For the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique:
(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo:
(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
The mediators:
(Signed) Mario Raffaelli
(Signed) Jaime Goncalves
(Signed) Andrea Riccardi
(Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Sant’ Edigio, Rome, 4 October 1992
On 4 October 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and composed of Mariano de Araujo Matsinha, Minister without Portfolio, Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, Teodato Hunguana, Minister of Labour, Lieutenant-General Tobias Dai, Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic adviser to the President of the Republic, Brigadier Aleixo Malunga, Colonel Fideles De Sousa, Major Justino Nrepo, Major Eduardo Lauchande, and the delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the organization Department, and composed of José De Castro, Chief of the External Relations Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Chief of the Information Department, José Augusto Xavier, Director-General of the Internal Administration Department, Major-General Herminio Morais, Colonel Fernando Canivete, Lieutenant-Colonel Arone Julai, and Lieutenant António Domingos, meeting at Rome in the presence of the mediators, Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Italian Government and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, and the observers of the United Nations and the Governments of the United States of America, France, the United Kingdom and Portugal, took up item 5 of the Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991, entitled "Guarantees", and agreed as follows:
I. Timetable for the conduct of the electoral process
1. The elections to the Assembly of the Republic and the post of President of the Republic shall be held simultaneously and shall take place one year after the date of signature of the General Peace Agreement, as provided for in Protocol III.
2. Further to the provisions set forth in Protocol III, the Parties also agree as follows:
(a) By E-Day + 60, the Government shall establish the National Elections Commission provided for in Protocol III;
(b) Immediately following the signature of the General Peace Agreement, the Government, for purposes of the provisions of Protocol III, shall request technical and material support from the United Nations and OAU;
(c) The Government shall draft the Electoral Act in consultation with Renamo and the other parties within at most two months from the adoption by the Assembly of the Republic of the legal instruments incorporating the Protocols and guarantees, as well as the General Peace Agreement , into Mozambican law. The approval and publication of the Electoral Act shall take place within at most one month following the completion of its drafting;
(d) Within 60 days following the signature of the General Peace Agreement, the Government and Renamo shall agree on the observers to be invited for the electoral process. The Government shall draw up the corresponding invitations;
(e) The election campaign shall begin 45 days before the date of the elections;
(f) By the date of commencement of the election campaign, all parties taking part must have been registered and have submitted their lists of candidates as well as their respective symbols;
(g) By the date of commencement of the election campaign, the candidates for the Presidency of the Republic must have submitted their candidacies in conformity with the legally prescribed requirements;
(h) The election campaign shall conclude 48 hours before the start of voting;
(i) The elected Assembly of the Republic shall take office 15 days after the publication of the lists giving the results of the election. The lists giving the results of the election shall be published not more than eight days after the closure of voting;
(j) The investiture of the elected President of the Republic shall take place one week after the elected Assembly of the Republic has taken office.
II. Commission to supervise the ceasefire and monitor respect for and implementation of the agreements between the Parties within the framework of these negotiations: its composition and powers
1. Pursuant to Protocol I, the Supervisory and Monitoring Commission (CSC) is established, which shall begin operating upon appointment of its Chairman by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. This Commission shall be composed of representatives of the Government, Renamo, the United Nations, OAU and the countries to be agreed upon by the Parties. The Commission shall be chaired by the United Nations and shall be based at Maputo.
3. The decisions of CSC shall be taken by consensus between the two Parties
4. CSC shall draw up its own Rules of Procedure and may whenever it sees fit establish sub-commissions additional to those provided for in paragraph II.7 of the present Protocol.
5. CSC shall in particular:
(a) Guarantee the implementation of the provisions contained in the General Peace Agreement;
(b) Guarantee respect for the timetable specified for the ceasefire and the holding of the elections;
(c) Assume responsibility for the authentic interpretation of the agreements;
(d) Settle any disputes that may arise between the Parties;
(e) Guide and co-ordinate the activities of the subsidiary commissions referred to in paragraph II.7 of this Protocol.
6. CSC shall cease to function when the new Government takes office.
7. CSC shall have under it the following Commissions:
(a) The Joint Commission for the Formation of the Mozambican Defence Force (CCFADM) Its powers shall be those specified in Protocol IV, paragraph I (iii) on the formation of the Mozambican Defence Force. CCFADM shall be composed of representatives of the Parties and of the Governments selected by the Parties before the signing of the General Peace Agreement to provide assistance in the process of formation of the FADM in conformity with the provisions of Protocol IV, section I;
(b) The ceasefire Commission (CCF) Its composition and powers shall be those indicated in Protocol IV, section VI and Protocol VI, section I;
(c) Reintegration Commission (CORE) Its composition and powers shall be those specified in Protocol IV, section VI.
III. Specific guarantees for the period from the ceasefire to the holding of the elections
1. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall submit a formal request to the United Nations for its participation in monitoring and guaranteeing the implementation of the General Peace Agreement, in particular the ceasefire and the electoral process, with immediate priority to co-ordinating and making available food, medical attention and all other forms of support necessary at the assembly and billeting locations for the forces as provided in Protocol VI.
2. With the means available to it and with the assistance of the international community, the Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall make available to CSC and its subsidiary commissions the logistical support required for their functioning.
3. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall send formal requests to the Governments and organizations selected by the two Parties to participate in the commissions agreed upon above.
4. The resources and facilities specified in Protocol III, paragraph 7 (b) shall be made available by the Government of Mozambique as from the date of incorporation of the General Peace Agreement into Mozambican law by the Assembly of the Republic. The major part of this process shall have been concluded by E-day.
5. The committee provided for in the Joint Declaration of 16 July 1992 shall exercise its functions before CSC takes office. CSC may if necessary decide to extend the activities of that committee, and establish guidelines for its operations to that end.
6. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall draw up in agreement with Renamo and the relevant United Nations agencies, in accordance with Protocol III, the plan for assistance to refugees and displaced persons, which shall be submitted to the donors' conference the holding of which is agreed upon in Protocol VII.
7. Between the entry into force of the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office, the entry of foreign troops or contingents into Mozambican territory shall not be permitted except in the cases agreed to by CSC.
8. Renamo shall be responsible for the immediate personal security of its top leaders. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall grant police status to the members of Renamo assigned to guarantee that security. 9. Guarantee of legality, stability and tranquillity throughout the territory of the Republic of Mozambique.
(a) The Parties recognize that the public administration in the Republic of Mozambique during the period between the entry into force of the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office will continue to obey the law in force and to be conducted through the institutions provided for by law;
(b) The public administration shall guarantee public tranquillity and stability, and seek to ensure the maintenance of peace and the creation of the climate required for the holding of fair and free general and presidential elections in accordance with the provisions of the General Peace Agreement and the Electoral Act;
(c) The two Parties undertake to guarantee that the laws and legislative provisions of the Republic of Mozambique, as well as the civil and political rights of citizens and human rights and fundamental freedoms, shall be respected and guaranteed in all parts of the national territory in conformity with Protocol I of 18 October 1991;
(d) In order to ensure greater tranquillity and stability in the period between the entry into force of the ceasefire and the time when the new Government takes office, the Parties agree that the institutions provided for by law for the conduct of the public administration in the areas controlled by Renamo shall employ only citizens resident in those areas, who may be members of Renamo. The State shall accord such citizens and the institutions staffed by them the respect, treatment and support required for the discharge of their duties, on the basis of strict equality and without any discrimination in relation to others performing similar functions and institutions at the same level in other areas of the country.
The relationship between the Ministry of State Administration and the administration in the areas controlled by Renamo shall be conducted through a National Commission constituted by the Parties for the purpose of facilitating collaboration and good understanding. This Commission shall be composed of four representatives of each of the Parties and shall begin operating 15 days after the signature of the General Peace Agreement;
(e) The Government undertakes to respect and not antagonize the traditional structures and authorities where they are currently de facto exercising such authority, and to allow them to be replaced only in those cases where that is called for by the procedures of local tradition themselves;
(f) The Government undertakes not to hold local, district or provincial elections or elections to administrative posts in advance of the forthcoming general elections;
(g) The Parties undertake to guarantee throughout the national territory the exercise of democratic rights and freedoms by all citizens, as well as the performance of party work by all political parties;
(h) The Parties guarantee access by the Commissions provided for in the General Peace Agreement, the representatives and officials of the State institutions provided for by law and their officials to any part of the national territory to which they may need to proceed on official business, as well as the right to freedom of movement in all locations not restricted by any legislative measure, instrument or rule.
IV. Constitutional issues
The joint declaration of 7 August 1992 signed by Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic of Mozambique, and Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama, President of Renamo, constitutes an integral part of the General Peace Agreement. Accordingly, the principles embodied in Protocol I shall also apply with respect to the problem of constitutional guarantees raised by Renamo and illustrated in the document submitted to the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, Robert Gabriel Mugabe, at Gaborone, Botswana, on 4 July 1992. To this end, the Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall submit to the Assembly of the Republic for adoption legal instruments incorporating the Protocols, the guarantees and the General Peace Agreement into Mozambican law.
In witness whereof, the Parties have decided to sign the present Protocol.
For the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique:
(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo:
(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
The mediators:
(Signed) Mario Raffaelli
(Signed) Jaime Goncalves
(Signed) Andrea Riccardi
(Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Sant’ Edigio, Rome, 4 October 1992
On 4 October 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and composed of Mariano de Araujo Matsinha, Minister without Portfolio, Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, Teodato Hunguana, Minister of Labour, Lieutenant-General Tobias Dai, Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic Adviser to the President of the Republic, Brigadier Aleixo Malunga, Colonel Fideles de Sousa, Major Justino Nrepo and Major Eduardo Lauchande, and the delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the organization Department, and composed of José de Castro, Chief of the External Relations Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Chief of the Information Department, José Augusto Xavier, Director-General of the Internal Administration Department, Major General Herminio Morais, Colonel Fernando Canivete, Lieutenant Colonel Arone Julai and Lieutenant António Domingos, meeting at Rome in the presence of the mediators Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Italian Government and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi, of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, and observers from the United Nations and the Governments of the United States of America, France, the United Kingdom and Portugal, took up item 4 of the Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991, entitled "ceasefire", and agreed as follows:
I Cessation of the armed conflict
1. The cessation of the armed conflict (CAC) is a brief, dynamic and irreversible process of predetermined duration which must be implemented throughout the national territory of Mozambique.
The implementation of the process shall be the responsibility of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and of Renamo, acting within the framework of the ceasefire Commission (CCF). The CCF is answerable to the CSC, the organ responsible for the overall political supervision of the ceasefire. The CCF shall be composed of representatives of the Government and of Renamo, representatives of countries accepted by them and a representative of the United Nations, who shall preside.
2. The CCF, which shall be structured as stipulated in Protocol IV, paragraph VI.i.2, shall have the following functions:
- to plan, verify and guarantee the implementation of the ceasefire rules; - to set itineraries for the movement of forces, in order to reduce the risk of incidents; - to organize and implement mine-clearing operations;
- to analyse and verify the accuracy of the statistics provided by the Parties on troop strength, arms and military equipment
- to receive, analyse and rule on complaints of possible ceasefire violations;
- to ensure the necessary co-ordination with organs of the United Nations verification system;
- the functions provided for in sections II, III and VI of Protocol IV.
3. The CAC shall begin on E-Day and end on E-Day + 180.
4. The CAC consists of 4 (four) phases:
- ceasefire;
- separation of forces;
- concentration of forces;
- demobilisation.
5. The ceasefire
The Parties agree that:
(a) the ceasefire shall enter into force on E-Day
E-Day is the day on which the General Peace Agreement is adopted by the Assembly of the Republic and incorporated into Mozambican law. The deployment of United Nations personnel in Mozambican territory to verify the ceasefire shall begin the same day;
b) As of E-Day, neither of the Parties shall carry out any hostile act or operation by means of forces or individuals under its control. Accordingly, they may not:
- carry out any kind of attack by land, sea or air;
- organize patrols or offensive manoeuvres;
- occupy new positions;
- lay mines and prevent mine-clearing operations;
- interfere with military communications;
- carry out any kind of reconnaissance operations; - carry out acts of sabotage and terrorism;
- acquire or receive lethal equipment
- carry out acts of violence against the civilian population;
- restrict or prevent without justification the free movement of persons and property;
- carry out any other military activity which, in the opinion of the CCF and the United Nations, might jeopardise the ceasefire.
In performing their functions, the CCF and the United Nations shall enjoy complete freedom of movement throughout the territory of Mozambique;
(c) On E-Day, the United Nations shall begin official verification of compliance with the undertaking described in paragraph (b), investigating any alleged violation of the ceasefire. Any duly substantiated violation shall be reported by the United Nations at the appropriate level;
(d) During the period between the signing of the General Peace Agreement and E-Day, the two Parties agree to observe a complete cessation of hostilities and of the activities described in paragraph (b), in order to allow the United Nations to deploy its personnel in the territory to verify all aspects of the CAC as of E-Day.
6. Separation of forces
The Parties agree that:
(a) The purpose of the separation of forces is to reduce the risk of incidents, to build trust and to allow the United Nations effectively to verify the commitments assumed by the Parties;
(b) The separation of forces shall last 6 (six) days, from E-Day to E-Day + 5;
(c) During this period, the FAM shall proceed to the barracks, bases, existing semi-permanent facilities and other locations listed in annex A;
(d) During the same period, the Renamo forces shall proceed to the locations listed in annex B;
(e) The locations listed in the above-mentioned annexes shall be those agreed to between the Parties and the United Nations no later than 7 (seven) days after the signing of the General Peace Agreement. The lists shall specify the name and site of the 29 assembly and billeting points for the FAM and the 20 such points for the Renamo forces;
(f) Accordingly, by 2400 hours on E-Day + 5, the FAM and the Renamo forces must be in the locations listed in annexes A and B respectively;
(g) All movements shall take place under the supervision and co-ordination of the United Nations. Neither Party may prevent or jeopardise, the movements of the other Party's forces. The United Nations shall supervise all the locations listed in annexes A and B and shall in principle be present 24 hours a day in each of those locations as of E-Day;
(h) During this period of 6 (six) days, no force or individual shall be able to leave assembly and billeting points except to seek medical care or other humanitarian reasons, and then only with the authorisation and under the supervision of the United Nations. In each location, the commander of the troops shall be responsible for maintaining order and discipline and for ensuring that the troops conduct themselves in accordance with the principles and the spirit of this Protocol.
7. Concentration of forces
The Parties agree that:
(a) The concentration of forces shall begin on E-Day + 6 and end on E-Day + 30;
(b) During this period, the FAM shall concentrate in the normal peacetime barracks and military bases listed in annex C;
(c) During the same period, the Renamo forces shall go to the assembly and billeting points listed in annex D;
(d) All movements shall take place under the supervision and co-ordination of the United Nations and shall be subject to the same conditions as those established for the separation of forces;
(e) All the main military facilities of the two Parties which cannot be moved to assembly and billeting points, such as military hospitals, logistical units and training facilities, shall be subject to verification in situ. These locations must also be specified no later than 7 (seven) days after the signing of the General Peace Agreement;
(f) Each assembly and billeting point shall be run by a military commander appointed by the corresponding Party. The military commander is responsible for maintaining the order and discipline of troops, distributing food and ensuring liaison with the organs for the verification and supervision of the ceasefire. In the event of an incident or a ceasefire violation, the military commander must take immediate steps to avoid an escalation and put a stop to the incident or violation. Any incident or violation shall be reported to the senior level of the command structure and to the ceasefire verification and supervision organs;
(g) Arrangements for the security of each assembly and billeting point shall be agreed between the corresponding commander and the CCF, with the knowledge of the United Nations. The military unit stationed in each location shall provide its own security. Each assembly and billeting point shall cover an area with a maximum radius of five kilometres. Individual weapons and the necessary ammunition shall be distributed only to the security staff of assembly and billeting points;
(h) Each location must have the capacity to accommodate at least 1,000 soldiers.
8. Demobilisation
Shall take place as stipulated in section VI of Protocol IV.
9. Formation of the FADM
Shall take place as stipulated in section I of Protocol IV.
10. Miscellaneous provisions.
(a) The Parties agree to the following:
1. To supply the United Nations with complete inventories of their troop strength, arms, ammunition, mines and other explosives on E-Day-6, E-Day, E-Day + 6, E-Day + 30 and, thereafter, every 15 days;
2. To allow the United Nations to verify the aspects and data referred to in the preceding paragraph;
3. As of E-Day + 31, all collective and individual weapons, including weapons on board aircraft and ships, shall be stored in warehouses under United Nations control;
4. (a) As of E-Day + 6, troops shall be able to leave their respective assembly and billeting points only with the authorisation and under the supervision of the United Nations;
(b) As of E-Day, the naval and air force components of the FAM shall refrain from carrying out any offensive operation. They may carry out only such non-hostile missions as are necessary for the discharge of their duties unrelated to the armed conflict. All air force flight plans must be communicated in advance to the United Nations. Aircraft may not, in any case, be armed and may not overfly assembly and billeting points,
(c) The foreign forces currently present in the territory of Mozambique must also respect the agreed ceasefire as of E-Day. In accordance with section II of Protocol IV, on E-Day the Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall communicate to the United Nations and the CSC the plans for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory. These plans shall include the numbers and equipment of such troops. the withdrawal shall begin on E-Day +6 and end on E-Day +30. All movements must be co-ordinated and verified by the CCF;
(d) The Parties agree that, as of E-Day, they shall end all hostile propaganda, both internal and external;
(e) Border control as of E-Day shall be provided by the immigration services and the police.
II. Operational timetable for the ceasefire E-Day:
Entry into force of the ceasefire and beginning of United Nations verification Beginning of the cessation of the armed conflict (CAC) Beginning of the separation of forces phase
E-Day +5: End of the separation of forces phase
E-Day +6: Beginning of the concentration of forces phase Beginning of the withdrawal of foreign forces and contingents from the country
E-Day +30: End of the concentration of forces phase End of the withdrawal of foreign forces and contingents from the country
E-Day +180: End of the demobilisation phase and of the CAC
III. Release of prisoners, except for those being held for ordinary crimes
1. All prisoners who are being held on E-Day, except for those held for ordinary crimes, shall be released by the Parties.
2. The International Committee of the Red Cross, together with the Parties shall agree on the arrangements for and the verification of the prisoner release process referred to in paragraph 1 above.
In witness whereof, the Parties have decided to sign this Protocol.
For the delegation of the Republic of Mozambique: (Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo: (Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
The Mediators: (Signed) Mario Raffaelli (Signed) Jaime Goncalves (Signed) Andrea Riccardi (Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Sant’ Edigio, Rome, 4 October 1992
On 4 October 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and composed of Mariano de Araujo Matsinha, Minister without Portfolio, Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, Teodata Hunguana, Minister of Labour, Lieutenant-General Tobias Dai, Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic Adviser to the President of the Republic, Brigadier Aleixo Malunga, Colonel Fideles De Sousa, Major Justino Nrepo and Major Eduardo Lauchande, and the delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the organization Department, and composed of José De Castro, Chief of the External Relations Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Chief of the Information Department, José Augusto Xavier, Director-General of the Internal Administration Department, Major General Herminio Morais, Colonel Fernando Canivete, Lieutenant Colonel Arone Julai and Lieutenant António Domingos, meeting at Rome in the presence of the mediators, Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Italian Government and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi, of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, and observers from the United Nations and the Governments of the United States of America, France, the United Kingdom and Portugal, took up item 6 of the Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991, entitled "Donors' conference", and agreed as follows:
1. The Parties decide to request the Italian Government to convene a conference of donor countries and organizations to finance the electoral process, emergency programmes and programmes for the reintegration of displaced persons, refugees and demobilised soldiers.
2. The Parties agree to request that, of the funds provided by donor countries, an appropriate share should be placed at the disposal of political parties to finance their activities.
3. The Parties appeal for the donors' conference to be convened no later than 30 days after E-Day. In addition to donor countries and organizations, the Government and Renamo shall also be invited to send representatives.
In witness whereof, the Parties have decided to sign this Protocol.
For the delegation of the Republic of Mozambique:
(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo:
(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
The mediators:
(Signed) Mario Raffaelli
(Signed) Jaime Goncalves
(Signed) Andrea Riccardi
(Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Sant’ Edigio, Rome, 4 October 1992
From 8 to 10 July 1990, at the headquarters of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, Rome, a direct meeting took place between a delegation of the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and a delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the External Relations Department.
Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Government of the Italian Republic, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi, both of the Community of Sant’ Edigio, and Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, attended the meeting as observers.
The two delegations, acknowledging themselves to be compatriots and members of the great Mozambican family, expressed satisfaction and pleasure at this direct, open and frank meeting, the first to take place between the two parties.
The two delegations expressed interest and willingness to do everything possible to conduct a constructive search for a lasting peace for their country and their people.
Taking into account the higher interests of the Mozambican nation, the two parties agreed that they must set aside what divides them and focus, as a matter of priority, on what unites them, in order to establish a common working basis so that, in a spirit of mutual understanding, they can engage in a dialogue in which they discuss their different points of view.
The two delegations affirmed their readiness to dedicate themselves fully, in a spirit of mutual respect and understanding, to the search for a working basis from which to end the war and create the necessary political, economic and social conditions for building a lasting peace and normalizing the life of all Mozambican citizens.
At the close of the meeting, the two delegations decided to meet again in due course at Rome, in the presence of the same observers. They expressed satisfaction and gratitude for the spirit of friendship and the hospitality and support shown them by the Italian Government and by all those who helped make this meeting possible.
Done at Sant’ Edigio, Rome, on 10 July 1990.
For the delegation of the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique:
(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo:
(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
Observers (Signed)
Sant’ Egidio, Rome, 10 July 1990
Agreement on a Partial Ceasefire
Delegations of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo, led respectively by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and Raul Manuel Domingos, Head of the Department of External Relations, met in Rome at the Sant' Egidio Community headquarters in the presence of the mediators,Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Government of the Italian Republic, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, and Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community Sant' Egidio. Inspired by reciprocal commitment to and desire for the rapid attainment of a peaceful situation in Mozambique, they agreed on the need for immediate implementation of the understandings and conclusions reached in the discussion of point 1 of the agenda approved on 9 November 1990, "THE PRESENCE AND ROLE OF ZIMBABWEAN MILITARY FORCES IN THE PERIOD PRECEDING THE ceasefire PROCLAMATION," in the following terms:
1. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will agree with the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe modalities for concentrating the Zimbabwean troops along the areas known as "The Beira Corridor," and "The Limpopo Corridor," to a minimum distance of 3 km outside the furthest edges of each corridor. This limit may be altered by a proposal from the Joint Verification Commission referred to in point 3, in conformity with criteria which will guarantee greater security and efficiency in verification. The concentration of the Zimbabwean troops in the above-mentioned corridors will begin at the latest 15 days after the signature of this Agreement and will be concluded by a deadline of 20 days after the time limit for beginning concentration.
1.1 The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will inform the negotiating table of the maximum number of Zimbabwean troops to remain in the corridors.
1.2 The Zimbabwean troops may not be involved in military operations of an offensive nature while concentration is under way,
2. To facilitate the peace process in Mozambique, Renamo will end all offensive military operations snf attacks on the Beira and Limpopo corridors, along the areas agreed in term of point 1.
3. A Joint Verification Commission is created with the aim of invigilating the strict implementation of this Agreement. It comprises civilian and military representatives designated by the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and by Renamo, three for each party, whose names will be given to the mediators within seven days of the signature of this Agreement. The Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe may also join the Joint Verification Commission and have three representatives.
3.1. The mediators or their representatives will also be members of the Joint Verification Commission and will chair it. Eight countries agreed between the parties will be members.
3.2. The Joint Verification Commission will have its headquarters in Maputo. It will present reports to the negotiating table at regular intervals or whenever one of the parties so requests.
3.3. The Joint Verification Commission may create sub-commissions with the same composition, qualified to verify the implementation of this Agreement "in loco."
3.4 The members of the Joint Verification Commission will have diplomatic immunity. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo will guarantee the safety and free movement of the members of the Commission and its sub-commission, as well as those of its emissaries, in any area subject to the application of this Agreement. 3.5 The Joint Verification Commission will agree the security measures necessary for its members at the due moment. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will provide installations for the headquarters of the Joint Verification Commission as well as the necessary logistic support for its operations.
3.6 The Joint Verification Commission will be sworn in up up to 15 days after the signing of this Agreement, and will begin its work immediately. It will control the implementation of this Agreement for a period of six months, renewable by common agreement between the parties when necessary.
3.7 The Joint Verification Commission will submit the fundamental criteria that are to govern its activities to the negotiating table for approval as soon as it has been sworn in.
3.8 The delegations of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo request the Italian Government and other governments of the member countries of the Joint Verification Commission to make efforts at both bilateral and multilateral levels to guarantee the necessary financing and technical support of the Joint Verification Commission created by this Agreement.
4. The parties undertake to avoid any activities that could directly or indirectly violate the spirit or letter of this Agreement. In the case of noting any unusual event of a military nature that could compromise the implementation of this Agreement, at the request of one of the parties the mediators may take practical initiatives to identify and overcome the problem.
4.1 The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo, convinced that the signing and implementation of this Agreement will make a significant contribution to strengthening the climate of confidence necessary for dialogue, renew their commitment to continuing their analysis of the remaining points of the agenda aimed at establishing peace in Mozambique.
5. This Agreement comes into force on the date that it is signed.
For the delegation of GRM:
For the delegation of Renamo:
Armando Emilio Guebuza
Raul Manuel Domingos
The mediators:
Mario Raffaelli
D. Jaime Goncalves
Andrea Riccardi
D. Matteo Zuppi
Done at Sant' Egidio, Rome, on 1 December 1990
Declaration on the Guiding Principles for Humanitarian Assistance
On 16 July 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of,Transport and Communications, and the delegation of Renamo, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the organization Department, in the presence of the mediators, of observers and of representatives of international organizations, agreed to adopt the following Declaration:
Considering that, for the population, the consequences of the armed conflict have been seriously aggravated by the worst drought in 50 years in the country and the region,
Determined to mobilise every resource to alleviate starvation and prevent deaths in Mozambique,
While pursuing efforts to reach a total peace agreement in Mozambique as soon as possible,
Reaffirming the principles for humanitarian assistance contained in resolution 46/182 of the United Nations General Assembly,
Reaffirming the understanding reached in December 1990 between the Government, Renamo and the International Committee of the Red Cross on the principles of free movement of populations and assistance for all Mozambicans wherever they might be,
I. The Government and Renamo solemnly agree and undertake to observe the following guiding principles for humanitarian assistance:
(a) Assistance shall go to all affected Mozambicans, freely and without discrimination;
(b) Freedom of movement and respect shall be guaranteed for persons and means which, under the flag of the United Nations or of ICRC, are engaged in humanitarian actions and are not accompanied by military escorts;
(c) The freedom and neutrality of humanitarian assistance shall be recognized and respected;
(d) Access shall be permitted to the entire affected population, using all means of transport;
(e) The use of all means for the rapid, expeditious distribution of humanitarian assistance shall be permitted and facilitated;
(f) Freedom of movement shall be guaranteed for all personnel who, under United Nations/ICRC auspices, are responsible for identifying populations in need, priority areas, means of transport and access routes and for supervising the distribution of assistance;
(g) Persons shall be allowed freedom of movement to enable them to have full access to humanitarian assistance.
II. In order to provide relief in situations of extreme urgency, which already exist in the country, the parties agree to:
(a) Immediately permit and facilitate air traffic to all points in the country, for transporting humanitarian assistance and whatever personnel is considered necessary and viable;
(b) To the same end, to permit and facilitate the immediate use and rehabilitation, where necessary, of other access routes to affected populations, including routes coming from neighbouring countries, as agreed to by the parties and communicated by the committee referred to in paragraph V of this Declaration.
III. In addition, the Government and Renamo will continue their negotiations with a view to reaching, as soon as possible, an agreement on the opening of roads and the removal of all obstacles which might prevent the distribution of humanitarian assistance.
IV. The Government and Renamo undertake not to derive military advantages from humanitarian assistance operations carried out under this Declaration.
V. Both parties agree that the co-ordination and supervision of all humanitarian assistance operations carried out under this Declaration shall be the responsibility of a committee presided over by the United Nations. This committee shall be made up of the mediators, the observers to the Rome negotiations and ICRC. The mediators will also have the task of verifying respect for this declaration and for bringing any complaints or protests to the negotiating table.
The committee will report to the parties, in due course, on the operational details.
VI. Both parties agree to participate and cooperate with the international community in Mozambique in formulating action plans, with a view to implementing such plans in accordance with this Declaration. The committee will co-ordinate such activities. To that end, Renamo will appoint its representative in the framework of and in accordance with the procedures of the COMIVE, who shall have the status provided for therein. VII. Both parties undertake to comply strictly with the terms of this Declaration and agree that any violation substantiated by the committee may be communicated to the international community.
VIII. This Declaration shall be disseminated as widely as possible in Mozambique.
For the delegation of the Go vernment of the Republic of Mozambique:
(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza
For the delegation of Renamo:
(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos
The mediators:
(Signed) Mario Raffaelli
(Signed) Jaime Goncalves
(Signed) Andrea Riccardi
(Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Done at Sant’ Edigio, Rome, on 16 July 1992
We, Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic of Mozambique, and Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama, President of Renamo,
Meeting at Rome in the presence of His Excellency Mr. Robert Gabriel Mugabe, President of the Republic of Zimbabwe: His Excellency Mr. Emilio Colombo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Italy: the representative of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Botswana, Ms. Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe, Minister for Foreign Affairs: the mediators of the peace process, Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Italian Government and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi, of the Community of Sant’ Edigio,
recognizing that
The achievement of peace, democracy and national unity based on national reconciliation is the greatest aspiration and desire of the entire Mozambican people,
In pursuit of this goal, the peace process was launched at Rome between the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo, assisted by mediators from the Italian Government, the Community of Sant’ Edigio and the Catholic Church of Mozambique,
Important results have been achieved thus far, as exemplified and demonstrated by the signing of the partial ceasefire agreement of 1 December 1990 and the adoption of the following Protocols and agreements: (i) Agreed Agenda of 28 May 1991, and the amendments made thereto by the Act of 19 June 1992;
(ii) Protocol I "Basic principles", signed on 18 October 1991;
(iii) Protocol II "Criteria and arrangements for the formation and recognition of political parties", signed on 13 November 1991;
(iv) Protocol III "Principles of the Electoral Act", signed on 12 March 1992;
(v) Act of 2 July 1992 on improving the functioning of the COMIVE;
(vi) Declaration on guiding principles for humanitarian assistance, signed on 16 July 1992.
Supplementing these efforts in the search for peace, democracy and national unity based on reconciliation in Mozambique, a meeting was held at Gaborone, Botswana, on 4 July 1992 between His Excellency Mr. Robert Gabriel Mugabe, President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, and His Excellency Sir Ketumile Masire, President of the Republic of Botswana, on the one hand, and Mr. Afonso Macacho Marceto Dhlakama, President of Renamo, on the other,
Following which the President of the Republic of Mozambique, MR. Joaquim Alberto Chissano, was briefed in detail by the President of Zimbabwe on 19 July 1992,
Whereas Mr. Afonso Macacho Marceto Dhlakama declared his readiness to sign an immediate ceasefire if certain guarantees were provided and arrangements were made for the security of both himself and members of Renamo, and if his party was given freedom to organize and campaign without interference or hindrance,
Considering his request for guarantees to enable Renamo to operate freely as a political party after the signing of the General Peace Agreement,
Convinced that the suffering of the Mozambican people as a result of the war, exacerbated by the consequences of the worst drought in living memory, demands that rapid steps be taken to end the war,
recognizing the need for the immediate restoration of peace in Mozambique,
Reaffirming the commitment of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and of Renamo to end the hostilities in Mozambique,
Determined to do everything possible to end the disaster brought about by the combined consequences of war and drought in our country, Appreciating the progress made in Rome peace negotiations between our respective delegations,
Considering the spirit of the Gaborone meeting of 4 July 1992,
Accordingly, commit ourselves to the following:
(i) To guarantee conditions permitting complete political freedom, in accordance with the internationally recognized principles of democracy;
(ii) To guarantee the personal safety of all Mozambican citizens and all members of political parties;
(iii) To accept the role of the international community, particularly the United Nations, in monitoring and guaranteeing the implementation of the General Peace Agreement, particularly the ceasefire and the electoral process;
(iv) Fully to respect the principles set forth in Protocol I, under which "the Government undertakes to refrain from taking any action that is contrary to the provisions of the Protocols to be concluded and from adopting laws or measures or applying existing laws which may be inconsistent with those Protocols" and "Renamo undertakes to refrain from armed combat and instead to conduct its political struggle in conformity with the laws in force, within the framework of existing State institutions and in accordance with the conditions and guarantees established in the General Peace Agreement";
(v) To safeguard political rights, emphasising that the principles set forth in Protocol I are valid and also relate to the problem of constitutional guarantees raised by Renamo and dealt with in the document submitted to President Mugabe. To this end, the Government of the Republic of Mozambique shall submit to the Assembly of the Republic for adoption legal instruments incorporating the Protocols and guarantees, as well as the General Peace Agreement, in Mozambican law;
(vi) On the basis of the above principles and of our commitment made in this solemn Declaration, we, Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic of Mozambique, and Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama, President of Renamo, hereby authorise and instruct our respective delegations participating in the Rome peace process to conclude, by 1 October 1992 at the latest, the remaining Protocols provided for in the Agreed Agenda, thereby permitting the signing of the General Peace Agreement by that date.
The signing of the General Peace Agreement and its adoption by the Assembly of the Republic as provided for in paragraph (v) (on this page) of this Declaration shall result in the immediate entry into force of the ceasefire agreed to under the General Peace Agreement.
(Signed) Joaquim Alberto Chissano President of the Republic of Mozambique
(Signed) Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama President of Renamo
(Signed) Robert Gabriel Mugabe President of the Republic of Zimbabwe
Witnessed by:
(Signed) Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe Minister for Foreign Affairs of Botswana
and by the mediators:
(Signed) Mario Raffaelli
(Signed) Jaime Goncalves
(Signed) Andrea Riccardi
(Signed) Matteo Zuppi
Rome, 7 August 1992
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