Guatemala: The Socio-economic Accord

24. Social security is a mechanism for expressing human solidarity and promoting the common good, laying the foundations for stability, economic development, national unity and peace. Under the Political Constitution of the Republic, the Guatemalan Social Security Institute, an autonomous body, administers the social security system. The Parties consider that appropriate measures should be taken to expand its coverage and increase its benefits and the quality and efficiency of its services. To that end, the following should be taken into account:

(a) The administration of the Guatemalan Social Security Institute should be completely autonomous, in accordance with the constitutional principle of coordination with health agencies under the national coordinated health system;

(b) Under the International Labour organization convention ratified by Guatemala, social security should include programmes for medical care and benefits in the areas of sickness, maternity, disability, old age, survival, job-related accidents and illnesses, employment and family welfare;

(c) The application of the principles of efficiency, universality, unity and compulsoriness to the operation of the Guatemalan Social Security Institute should be reinforced and guaranteed;

(d) The financial soundness of the Institute should be strengthened through a system of tripartite control of contributions;

(e) New ways of managing the Institute with the participation of its constituent sectors should be promoted;

(f) The Institute should be effectively incorporated into the coordinated health system;

(g) Conditions should be created that will facilitate the universal coverage of all workers by the social security system.

D. Housing

25. It has been recognized that there is a need to institute a policy, in accordance with the constitutional mandate, to give priority to the building of low-cost housing, through appropriate financial arrangements, in order to enable as many Guatemalan families as possible to own their own homes. To this end, the Government undertakes to:

Planning

(a) Closely monitor land management policies, especially urban planning and environmental protection policies, to enable the poor to have access to housing and related services in hygienic and environmentally sustainable conditions;

Standards

(b) Update health and safety regulations applicable to the construction industry and monitor compliance with them; coordinate with municipalities to ensure that construction and supervision standards are homogeneous, clear and simple, in an effort to provide high-quality, safe housing;

Housing stock

(c) Promote a policy to increase the stock of housing in Guatemala, in an effort to enable more people from low-income sectors to rent or own their own homes;

(d) Increase the supply of housing-related services, housing options and high-quality, low-cost building materials; in this context, apply anti-trust regulations to the production and marketing of building materials and housing-related services in accordance with article 130 of the Constitution;

Finance and credit

(e) Implement monetary policies designed to reduce the cost of credit significantly;

(f) Strengthen the securities market and make it more available as a source of funds to purchase housing, by offering first and second mortgages and facilitating the selling of securities issued for housing operations, such as common and preferred stocks in construction companies, mortgage bonds and debentures, real estate participation certificates, supplemental letters, promissory notes and other documents related to rental with an option to buy;

(g) Design a direct subsidy mechanism and apply it to the demand for low-cost housing, to benefit the most needy sectors. To this end, strengthen the Guatemalan Housing Fund to improve its capacity to grant funds to assist those living in poverty and extreme poverty;

Participation

(h) Stimulate the establishment and strengthening of participatory arrangements, such as cooperatives and self-managed and family businesses, to ensure that the beneficiaries are able to participate in the planning and construction of housing and related services;

Regularisation of the land situation

(i) Promote the legalisation, access to and registry of land, not only in the vicinity of Guatemala City but also for urban development in the province capitals and municipalities, together with the implementation of building projects in villages and on farms, especially rural housing;

National commitment

(j) In view of the size and urgency of the housing problem, national efforts should be mobilised to solve it. The Government undertakes to allocate to the housing promotion policy no less than 1.5 per cent of the tax revenue budget, beginning in 1997, giving priority to the subsidy for low-cost housing options.

E. Work

26. Work is essential for the integral development of the individual, the well-being of the family and the social and economic development of Guatemala. Labour relations are an essential element of social participation in socio-economic development and of economic efficiency. In this respect, the State's policy with regard to work is critical for a strategy of growth with social justice. In order to carry out this policy, the Government undertakes to:

Economic policy

(a) Through an economic policy designed to increase the use of the labour force, create conditions for the attainment of rising and sustained levels of employment, while sharply reducing structural underemployment and making possible a progressive increase in real wages;

(b) Encourage measures in coordination with the various social sectors to increase investment and productivity within the framework of an overall strategy of growth with social stability and equity;

Protective labour legislation

(c) Promote, in the course of 1996, legal and regulatory changes to enforce the labour laws and severely penalise violations, including violations in respect of the minimum wage, non-payment, withholding and delays in wages, occupational hygiene and safety and the work environment;

(d) Decentralize and expand labour inspection services, strengthening the capacity to monitor compliance with the labour norms of domestic law and those derived from the international labour agreements ratified by Guatemala, paying particular attention to monitoring compliance with the labour rights of women, migrant and temporary agricultural workers, household workers, minors, the elderly, the disabled and other workers who are in a more vulnerable and unprotected situation;

Occupational training

(e) Establish a permanent, modern vocational instruction and training programme to ensure training at all levels and a corresponding increase in productivity through a draft law regulating vocational training at the national level;

(f) Promote coverage by the national vocational instruction and training programmes of at least 200,000 workers by the year 2000, with an emphasis on those who are joining the workforce and those who need special training to adapt to new conditions in the labour market;

Ministry of Labour

(g) Strengthen and modernise the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, ensuring its leading role in Government policies related to the labour sector and its effective deployment in the promotion of employment and in labour cooperation. To that end, it undertakes to:

Participation, coordination and negotiations

(i) Promote the restructuring of labour relations in enterprises by encouraging labour management cooperation and coordination with a view to the development of the enterprise for the common good, including possible profit-sharing arrangements;

(ii) Facilitate the procedures for the recognition of the legal personality of labour organizations;

(iii) In the case of agricultural workers who are still hired through contractors, propose reforms for the speedy and flexible legal recognition of forms of association for the negotiation of such hiring; and

(iv) Promote a culture of negotiation and, in particular, train persons to settle disputes and coordinate action for the benefit of the parties involved.

III. Agrarian Situation and Rural Development

27. It is essential and unavoidable to solve the problems of agrarian reform and rural development in order to address the situation of the majority population, which live in rural areas and is most affected by poverty, extreme poverty, injustice and the weakness of State institutions. The transformation of the structure of land use and ownership must have as its objective the incorporation of the rural population into economic, social and political development so that the land constitutes, for those who work it, the basis of their economic stability, the foundation of their progressive social well-being and the guarantee of their freedom and dignity.

28. Land is central to the problems of rural development. From the conquest to the present, historic events, often tragic, have left deep traces in ethnic, social and economic relations concerning property and land use. These have led to a situation of concentration of resources which contrasts with the poverty of the majority and hinders the development of Guatemala as a whole. It is essential to redress and overcome this legacy and promote more efficient and more equitable farming, strengthening the potential of all those involved, not only in terms of productive capacity but also in enhancing the cultures and value systems which coexist and intermingle in the rural areas of Guatemala.

29. These changes will enable Guatemala to take full advantage of the capacities of its inhabitants and, in particular, the richness of the traditions and cultures of its indigenous peoples. It should also take advantage of the high potential for agricultural, industrial, commercial and tourist development of those resources deriving from its wealth of natural resources.

30. Solving the agrarian problem is a complex process covering many aspects of rural life, from modernisation of production and cultivation methods to environmental protection, as well as security of property, adequate use of the land and of the labour force, labour protection and a more equitable distribution of resources and the benefits of development. This is also a social process whose success depends not only on the State, but also on a combination of efforts on the part of the organized sectors of society, in the awareness that the common good requires breaking with the patterns and prejudices of the past and seeking new and democratic forms of coexistence.

31. The State has a fundamental and vital role in this process. As the guide for national development, as a legislator, as a source of public investment and provider of services and as a promoter of social cooperation and conflict resolution, it is essential for the State to increase and refocus its efforts and its resources towards the rural areas, and to promote agrarian modernisation, in a sustained manner, in the direction of greater justice and greater efficiency.

32. The agreements already signed on human rights, on the resettlement of populations uprooted by armed confrontation and on the identity and rights of indigenous peoples contain commitments which constitute essential elements of a global strategy for rural development. It is in line with these provisions that the Government undertakes, through this Agreement, to promote an integral strategy covering the multiple elements which make up agrarian structure, including land ownership and the use of natural resources; credit systems and mechanisms; manufacturing and marketing; agrarian legislation and legal security; labour relations; technical assistance and training; the sustainability of natural resources and the organization of the rural population. This strategy includes the aspects described below.

A. Participation

33. The capacity of all actors involved in the agricultural sector must be mobilised to make proposals and to Oke action, including indigenous peoples' organizations, producers' associations, business associations, rural workers' trade unions, rural and women's organizations or universities and research centres in Guatemala. To that end, in addition to the provisions of other chapters of this Agreement, the Government undertakes to:

(a) Strengthen the capacity of rural organizations such as associative rural enterprises, cooperatives, small farmers' associations, mixed enterprises and self-managed and family businesses to participate fully in decisions on all matters concerning them and to establish or strengthen State institutions, especially those of the State agricultural sector, involved in rural development so that they can promote such participation, particularly the full participation of women in the decision-making process. That will strengthen the effectiveness of State action and ensure that it responds to the needs of rural areas. In particular, participation in development councils will be promoted as a framework for the joint formulation of development and land use plans;

(b) Strengthen and expand the participation of tenant farmers' organizations, rural women, indigenous organizations, cooperatives, producers' trade unions and non-governmental organizations in the National Agricultural Development Council as the main mechanism for consultation, coordination and social participation in the decision-making process for rural development, and in particular for the implementation of this chapter.

B. Access to land and productive resources

34. Promote the access of tenant farmers to land ownership and the sustainable use of land resources. To that end, the Government will take the following actions:

Access to land ownership: land trust fund

(a) Establish a land trust fund within a broad-based banking institution to provide credit and to promote savings, preferably among micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises. The land trust fund will have prime responsibility for the acquisition of land through Government funding, will promote the establishment of a transparent land market and will facilitate the updating of land development plans. The fund will give priority to the allocation of land to rural men and women who are organized for that purpose, taking into account economic and environmental sustainability requirements;

(b) In order to ensure that the neediest sectors benefit from its services, the fund will set up a special advisory and management unit to serve rural communities and organizations;

(i) Uncultivated State land and State-owned farms;

(ii) Illegally settled public land, especially in Petén and the Franja Transversal del Norte, which the Government has pledged to recover through legal action;

(iii) Land acquired with the resources allocated by the Government to the National Land Fund and the National Peace Fund for that purpose;

(iv) Land purchased with grants from friendly Governments and international non-governmental organizations;

(v) Land purchased with loans secured from international financing agencies;

(vi) Undeveloped land expropriated under article 40 of the Constitution;

(vii) Land acquired from the proceeds of the sale of excess land, as determined by comparing the actual dimensions of private property with the dimensions recorded at the land register department, which has become the property of the State;

(viii) Land which the State may purchase pursuant to Decree No. 1551, article 40, on agricultural development areas;

(ix) Land which the State may purchase for any purpose; and

(x) Miscellaneous grants;

(d) The Government will promote and enact legislation to regulate all the activities of the land trust fund. Such legislation will establish, inter alia, the fund's aims, functions and financing and acquisition mechanisms, and the allocation, origin and destination of land. In 1999, the extent to which the allocation targets have been met will be assessed and, if need be, the functioning of the land allocation programme will be adjusted;

Access to land ownership: funding mechanisms

(e) Promote, through all means possible, the development of a dynamic land market that would enable tenant farmers who either do not have land or have insufficient land to acquire land through long-term transactions at commercial or favourable interest rates with little or no down payment. In particular, promote the issuance of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the State whose yield is attractive to private investors, especially financial institutions;

Access to the use of natural resources

(f) By 1999, allocate to small and medium-sized farmers' groups legally incorporated as natural resources management ventures, 100,000 hectares within multi-use areas for sustainable forest management, the management of protected areas, eco-tourism, conservation of water sources and other activities compatible with the sustainable potential use of the natural resources of such areas;

(g) Promote and support the participation of the private sector and grass-roots community organizations in projects for the management and conservation of renewable natural resources through incentives, targeted direct subsidies or funding mechanisms on soft terms, in view of the non-monetary benefits that the national community derives from such projects. Given the benefit that the international community receives from the sustainable management and conservation of the country's forest and biogenetic resources, the Government will actively promote international cooperation in this venture;

Access to other productive projects

(h) Develop sustainable productive projects especially geared towards boosting productivity and the processing of agricultural, forestry and fishery products in the poorest areas of the country. In particular, for the period 1997-2000, guarantee the implementation, in the poorest areas, of a Government agricultural sector investment programme in the amount of 200 million quetzales in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors;

(i) Promote a renewable natural resources management programme which fosters sustainable forestry and agro-forestry production, as well as handicrafts and small- and medium-scale industry projects that give added value to forest products;

(j) Promote productive ventures related, inter alia, to agro-processing industries, marketing, services, handicrafts and tourism with a view to creating jobs and securing fair incomes for all;

(k) Promote an eco-tourism programme with the broad participation of communities which have received appropriate training.

C. Support structure

35. Prerequisites for a more efficient and just agricultural structure include not only more equitable access to productive resources but also a support structure that will enhance farmers' access to information, technology, training, credit and marketing facilities. Over and above its commitment to social investment as set forth in the chapter on social development, including in particular investment in health, education, housing and employment, the Government also undertakes to:

Basic infrastructure

(a) Engage in judicious public investment and foster a climate conducive to private investment with a view to upgrading the infrastructure available for sustainable production and marketing, especially in areas of poverty and extreme poverty;

(b) Develop a rural development investment programme with emphasis on basic infrastructure (highways, rural roads, electricity, telecommunications, water and environmental sanitation) and productive projects, for a total amount of 300 million quetzales annually during the period 1997-1999;

Credit and financial services

(c) Activate the land fund not later than 1997, while simultaneously promoting conditions that will enable small and medium-scale farmers to have access to credit, individually or in groups, on a financially sustainable basis. In particular, with the support of the private sector and non-governmental development organizations, the Government proposes to strengthen local savings and credit agencies, including associations, cooperatives and the like, with a view to enhancing their function as sources of credit providing small and medium-scale farmers with financial services efficiently and in accordance with local needs and conditions;

Training and technical assistance

(d) Strengthen, decentralize and broaden the coverage of training programmes, especially programmes designed to enhance rural people's managerial skills at various levels. The private sector and non-governmental organizations will be enlisted in the implementation of this action;

(e) Develop technical assistance and job training programmes that will upgrade the skills, versatility and productivity of the labour force in rural areas;

Information

(f) Develop an information collection, compilation and distribution system for the agriculture, forestry, food processing and fisheries sectors, one that will provide small producers with reliable information on which to base their decisions relating to seeds, inputs, crops, costs and marketing;

Marketing

(g) Develop a system of storage centres and duty-free zones with a view to facilitating the processing and marketing of agricultural products and fostering rural employment.

D. organization of the rural population for production

36. organizing the rural population is a decisive factor in transforming the inhabitants of the countryside into genuine protagonists of their own development. In view of the vital role of small and medium-scale enterprises in combating poverty, creating rural jobs and promoting more efficient land use, there is a need to promote a more efficient form of organization of small producers so that they can, in particular, take advantage of the support structure described in paragraph 35. To this end, the Government undertakes to:

(a) Support micro-, small and medium-scale agricultural and rural enterprises by strengthening the various ways of organizing them, such as associative rural enterprises, cooperatives, small farmers' associations, mixed enterprises and self-managed and family businesses;

(b) Tackle the problem of smallholdings through:

(i) A firm and sustained policy of support for smallholders so that they can become small-scale agricultural businessmen through access to training, technology, credit and other inputs;

(ii) Promoting, if the smallholders so desire, amalgamation of holdings in those cases where conversion into small businesses is not possible owing to the dispersal and size of the properties.

E. Legal framework and juridical security

37. Guatemala is in need of reform of the juridical framework of agriculture and institutional development in the rural sector so that an end can be put to the lack of protection and dispossession from which small farmers, and in particular indigenous peoples, have suffered, so as to permit full integration of the rural population into the national economy and regulate land use in an efficient and environmentally sustainable manner in accordance with development needs. To this end, and taking into account in all cases the provisions of the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Government undertakes to:

Legal reform

(a) Promote a legal reform which will establish a juridical framework governing land ownership that is secure, simple and accessible to the entire population. This reform will need to simplify the procedures for awarding title and registering ownership and other real estate rights, as well as to simplify administrative and judicial formalities and procedures;

(b) Promote the establishment of an agrarian and environmental jurisdiction within the judiciary through the enactment of the relevant legislation by the Congress;

(c) Promote the revision and adjustment of the legislation on undeveloped land so that it conforms to the provisions of the Constitution, and regulate, inter alia through incentives and penalties, the under utilization of land and its use in ways incompatible with sustainable natural resource utilization and preservation of the environment;

(d) Protect common and municipal land, in particular by limiting to the strict minimum the cases in which it can be transferred or handed over in whatever form to private individuals;

(e) With respect to community-owned land, to regulate participation by communities in order to ensure that it is they who take the decisions relating to their land;

Prompt settlement of land conflicts

(f) To establish and apply flexible judicial or non-judicial procedures for the settlement of disputes relating to land and other natural resources (in particular, direct settlement and conciliation), taking into account the provisions of the Agreement on Resettlement of the Population Groups Uprooted by the Armed Conflict and the Agreement on Identity and Rights of Indigenous People. In addition, to establish procedures that will make it possible:

(i) To define formulas for compensation in the case of land disputes and claims in which farmers, small farmers and communities in a situation of extreme poverty have been or may be dispossessed for reasons not attributable to them;

(ii) To reinstate or compensate, as appropriate, the State, municipalities, communities or individuals when their land has been usurped or has been allocated in an irregular or unjustified manner involving abuse of authority;

(g) Regulate the award of title to the lands of indigenous communities and beneficiaries of the Guatemalan Institute for Agrarian Reform who are in lawful possession of the land assigned to them;

Institutional mechanisms

(h) By 1997, to have started the operations of a Presidential office for legal assistance and conflict resolution in relation to land, with nationwide coverage and the task of providing advice and legal assistance to small farmers and agricultural workers with a view to the full exercise of their rights, and in particular of:

(i) Advising and providing legal assistance to small farmers and agricultural workers and/or their organizations upon request;

(ii) Intervening in land disputes at the request of a party with a view to arriving at a just and expeditious solution;

(iii) In the case of judicial disputes, providing advice and legal assistance free of charge to small farmers and/or their organizations when they so request;

(iv) Receiving complaints of abuses committed against communities, rural organizations and individual small farmers and bringing them to the attention of the Office of the Counsel for Human Rights and/or of any other national or international verification mechanism.

G. Land register

38. On the basis of the provisions of paragraph 37, the Government undertakes to promote legislative changes that would make it possible to establish an efficient decentralized multi-user land registry system that is financially sustainable, subject to compulsory updating and easy to update. Likewise, the Government undertakes to initiate, by January 1997 at the latest, the process of land surveying and systematising the land register information, starting with priority zones, in particular with a view to the implementation of paragraph 34 on access to land and other production resources.

H. Labour protection

39. The Government undertakes to promote better participation of rural workers in the benefits of agriculture and a reorientation of labour relations in rural areas. It will place particular emphasis on applying to rural workers the labour policy outlined in the relevant section of the present agreement. An energetic labour protection policy, combined with a vocational training policy, is in line with the requirements of social justice. It is also needed in order to attack rural poverty and promote an agrarian reform aimed at more efficient use of natural and human resources. Accordingly, the Government undertakes to:

(a) Ensure that the labour legislation is effectively applied in rural areas;

(b) Pay urgent attention to the abuses to which rural migrant workers, young tenant farmers and day labourers are subjected in the context of hiring through middlemen, sharecropping, payment in kind and the use of weights and measures. The Government undertakes to adopt administrative and/or penal sanctions against offenders;

(c) Promote reform of the procedures for recognition of the legal personality of small farmers' organizations with a view to simplifying such recognition and making it more flexible through the application of the 1975 International Labour organization Convention 141 on organization of rural workers.

I. Environmental protection

40. Guatemala's natural wealth is a valuable asset of the country and mankind, in addition to being an essential part of the cultural and spiritual heritage of the indigenous peoples. The irrational exploitation of Guatemala's biogenetic and forest resource diversity endangers a human environment that facilitates sustainable development. Sustainable development is understood as being a process of change in the life of the human being through economic growth with social equity, involving production methods and consumption patterns that maintain the ecological balance. This process implies respecting ethnic and cultural diversity and guaranteeing the quality of life of future generations.

41. In this sense, and in line with the principles of the Central American Alliance for Sustainable Development, the Government reiterates the following commitments:

(a) To adjust educational curricula and training and technical assistance programmes to the requirements of environmental sustainability;

(b) To give priority to environmental sanitation in its health policy;

(d) To promote sustainable natural resource management programmes that will create jobs.

J. Resources

42. In order to finance the measures mentioned above, and in view of the priority assigned to modernising the agriculture sector and rural development, the Government undertakes to increase the State resources allocated to this area by, inter alia:

Land tax

(a) Promoting, by 1997, the legislation and mechanisms for the application, in consultation with municipalities, of a land tax in the rural areas from which it is easy for the municipalities to collect revenues. The tax, from which small properties will be exempt, will help to discourage ownership of undeveloped land and under utilization of land. Taken as a whole, these mechanisms ought not to encourage deforestation of land use for forestry;

Tax on undeveloped land

(b) Establishing a new tax schedule for the annual tax on undeveloped land which imposes significantly higher taxes on privately owned unutilized and/or under-utilized land.

IV. Modernisation of Government Services and Fiscal Policy

A. Modernisation of government services

43. Government services should become an efficient tool of development policies. To this end, the Government undertakes to:

Decentralization and redistribution

(a) Deepen the decentralization and redistribution of the powers, responsibilities and resources concentrated in the central Government in order to modernise, render effective and streamline government services. Decentralization should ensure the transfer of decision-making power and sufficient resources to the appropriate levels (local, municipal, departmental and regional) so as to meet the needs of socio-economic development in an efficient way and promote close cooperation between government bodies and the population. This implies:

(i) Promoting an amendment to the Executive Authority Act and the Departmental Control and Administration Act and, in particular, to Decree No. 586 of 1956, which will make it possible to simplify, decentralize and redistribute government services;

(ii) Promoting the decentralization of support systems, including the purchasing and procurement system, the human resources system, the information-gathering and statistical system and the financial management system.

National auditing

(b) Reform, strengthen and modernise the Comptroller's Office.

Professionalisation and advancement of public servants

44. The State should have a skilled labour force which can ensure the honest and efficient management of public funds. To this end, it is necessary to:

(a) Establish a career civil service;

(b) Adopt legal and administrative measures to ensure real compliance with the Integrity and Accountability Act;

B. Fiscal policy

45. Fiscal policy (revenue and expenditure) is the key tool enabling the State to comply with its constitutional commitments, particularly those relating to social development, which is essential to the quest for the common good. Fiscal policy is also essential to Guatemalan sustainable development, which has been impaired by low levels of education, health care and public security, a lack of infrastructure and other factors which militate against increasing the productivity of labour and the competitiveness of the Guatemalan economy.

Budgetary policy

46. Budgetary policy should respond to the need for socio-economic development in a stable context, which requires a public spending policy consistent with the following basic principles:

(a) Giving priority to social spending, the provision of public services and the basic infrastructure needed to support production and marketing;

(b) Giving priority to social investment in health care, education and housing; rural development; job creation; and compliance with the commitments entered into under the peace agreements. The budget should include sufficient resources for strengthening the organizations and institutions responsible for ensuring the rule of law and respect for human rights;

(c) Efficient budget performance, with an emphasis on decentralization, redistribution and auditing of budgetary resources.

Tax policy

47. Tax policy should be designed to enable the collection of the resources needed for the performance of the State's functions, including the funds required for the consolidation of peace, within the framework of a tax system consistent with the following basic principles:

(a) The system is fair, equitable and, on the whole, progressive, in keeping with the constitutional principle of ability to pay;

(b) The system is universal and compulsory;

48. The State should also ensure efficiency and transparency in tax collection and fiscal management so as to promote taxpayer confidence in government policy and eliminate tax evasion and fraud.

Tax collection target

49. Bearing in mind the need to increase State revenues in order to cope with the urgent tasks of economic growth, social development and building peace, the Government undertakes to ensure that by the year 2000, the tax burden, measured as a ratio of gross domestic product, increases by at least 50 per cent as compared with the 1995 tax burden.

Fiscal commitment

50. As a step towards a fair and equitable tax system, the Government undertakes to address the most serious issue relating to tax injustice and inequity, namely, evasion and fraud, especially on the part of those who should be the largest contributors. In order to eradicate privileges and abuses, eliminate tax evasion and fraud and implement a tax system which is, on the whole, progressive, the Government undertakes to:

Legislation

(a) Promote an amendment to the Tax Code establishing harsher penalties for tax evasion, avoidance and fraud, both for taxpayers and for tax administration officials;

(b) Promote an amendment to the tax laws designed to eliminate loopholes;

Strengthening of tax administration

(d) Strengthen the existing auditing and collection mechanisms, such as cross-checking, tax identification numbers and tax credits for withholding of income tax and value-added tax;

(e) Simplify and automate tax administration procedures;

(f) Ensure the correct and prompt application or reimbursement of tax credit and punish severely those who do not return withheld value-added tax to the tax authorities;

(g) Create a special programme for large contributors in order to ensure that they comply fully with their tax obligations;

(h) Implement administrative structures specifically geared to the revenue collection and auditing programmes and to the application of the relevant tax laws;

(i) Strengthen the capacity of municipalities to exercise their authority to collect taxes;

Participation

(j) Ensure that the urban and rural development councils contribute to the definition and monitoring of tax policy within the framework of their mandate to formulate development policies;

Civic education

(k) Within academic curricula, continue to promote knowledge of, respect for and compliance with tax obligations as part of coexistence in a democratic society.

Enforcement of tax policy

51. The failure to fulfil tax obligations deprives the country of the resources needed in order to address the backlog of social needs affecting Guatemalan society. The Government undertakes to impose exemplary penalties on those who engage in various types of tax fraud, to modernise and strengthen tax administration and to give priority to spending on social needs.

V. Final Provisions

1. This Agreement shall form part of the agreement on a firm and lasting peace and shall enter into force at the time of the signing of the latter agreement.

2. In order to ensure that this Agreement serves the interests of Guatemalans, the Government shall initiate immediately the programming and planning activities which will enable it to comply with the investment commitments contained herein.

3. In accordance with the Framework Agreement, the Secretary-General of the United Nations is requested to verify compliance with this Agreement.

4. This Agreement shall be disseminated as widely as possible; to this end, the cooperation of the mass media and of teaching and educational institutions is requested.

Mexico City, 6 May 1996

For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala

Gustavo PORRAS CASTEJîN
Raquel ZELAYA ROSALES
Brigadier General Otto PƒREZ MOLINA
Richard AITKENHEAD CASTILLO

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca
General Command

Commander Pablo MONSANTO
Commander Rolando MORçN
Commander Gaspar ILOM
Carlos GONZALES

For the United Nations

Marrack GOULDING
Under-Secretary-General Jean ARNAULT

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